Advisories for Maven/Com.liferay.portal/Release.portal.bom package

A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists with radio button type custom fields in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.129, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q4.1 through 2024.Q4.7, 2024.Q3.1 through 2024.Q3.9, 2024.Q2.0 through 2024.Q2.13, 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.12, 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.10, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.10, 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 36, and 7.2 GA through fix pack 20 allows remote authenticated attackers to inject malicious JavaScript into a page.

The data exposure vulnerability in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.126, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q3.0, 2024.Q2.0 through 2024.Q2.12, 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.12, 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.10, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.10, 7.4 GA through update 92 allows an unauthorized user to obtain entry data from forms.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability on Liferay Portal 7.4.3.82 through 7.4.3.128, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q3.0, 2024.Q2.0 through 2024.Q2.13, 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.12, 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.10, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.10, 7.4 update 82 through update 92 in the Frontend JS module's layout-taglib/liferay/index.js allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via toastData parameter

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the edit Service Access Policy page in Liferay Portal 7.0.0 through 7.4.3.87, and Liferay DXP 7.4 GA through update 87, 7.3 GA through update 29, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into a service access policy's Service Class text field.

Reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.3.38, and Liferay DXP 7.4 GA through update 38, 7.3 GA through update 36, 7.2 GA through fix pack 20 and 7.1 GA through fix pack 28 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary web script or HTML via Dispatch name field

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the My Account widget in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.75 through 7.4.3.111, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.2, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.5, 7.4 update 75 through update 92 and 7.3 update 32 through update 36 allows remote attackers to (1) change user passwords, (2) shut down the server, (3) execute arbitrary code in the scripting console, (4) and perform other administrative actions via the _com_liferay_my_account_web_portlet_MyAccountPortlet_backURL parameter.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the content page editor in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.103, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.2, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.5, 7.4 GA through update 92 and 7.3 update 29 through update 35 allows remote attackers to (1) change user passwords, (2) shut down the server, (3) execute arbitrary code in the scripting console, (4) and perform other administrative actions via the _com_liferay_commerce_catalog_web_internal_portlet_CommerceCatalogsPortlet_redirect parameter.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the content page editor in Liferay Portal 7.3.2 through 7.4.3.107, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.2, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.5, 7.4 GA through update 92 and 7.3 GA through update 35 allows remote attackers to (1) change user passwords, (2) shut down the server, (3) execute arbitrary code in the scripting console, (4) and perform other administrative actions via the p_l_back_url parameter.

Stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Dynamic Data Mapping module's DDMForm in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.4, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4.13, 7.3 before update 4, 7.2 before fix pack 17, and older unsupported versions allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the instanceId parameter.

Reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Language Override edit screen in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.8 through 7.4.3.97, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3 before patch 5, and 7.4 update 4 through 92 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the _com_liferay_portal_language_override_web_internal_portlet_PLOPortlet_key parameter.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Frontend JS module's portlet.js in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.37, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 38, 7.3 before update 11, 7.2 before fix pack 20, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the anchor (hash) part of a URL.

Stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Document and Media widget in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.18 through 7.4.3.101, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3 before patch 6, and 7.4 update 18 through 92 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into a document's “Title” text field.

The Calendar module in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.2, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 15, and older unsupported versions does not escape user supplied data in the default notification email template, which allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the title of a calendar event or the user's name. This may lead to a …

Multiple stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.13, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 10, 7.3 before update 4, 7.2 before fix pack 17, and older unsupported versions allow remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into the first/middle/last name text field of the user who creates an entry in the (1) Announcement widget, …

Reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the instance settings for Accounts in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.44 through 7.4.3.97, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3 before patch 6, and 7.4 update 44 through 92 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into the “Blocked Email Domains” text field

Reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability on the add assignees to a role page in Liferay Portal 7.3.3 through 7.4.3.97, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3 before patch 6, 7.4 GA through update 92, and 7.3 before update 34 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the _com_liferay_roles_admin_web_portlet_RolesAdminPortlet_tabs2 parameter.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in HtmlUtil.escapeJsLink in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.1, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 15, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via crafted javascript: style links.

Stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Expando module's geolocation custom fields in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.2, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 17, and older unsupported versions allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into the name text field of a geolocation custom field.

Stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Message Board widget in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.2, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 17, and older unsupported versions allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the filename of an attachment.

Stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Users Admin module's edit user page in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.2, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 17, and older unsupported versions allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into an organization’s “Name” text field

Liferay Portal before 7.4.3.16 and Liferay DXP before 7.2 fix pack 19, 7.3 before update 6, and 7.4 before update 16 allow remote authenticated users to become the owner of a wiki page by editing the wiki page.

The Image Uploader module in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.15, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 16, 7.3 before update 4, 7.2 before fix pack 19, and older unsupported versions relies on a request parameter to limit the size of files that can be uploaded, which allows remote authenticated users to upload arbitrarily large files to the system's temp folder by modifying the maxFileSize parameter.

XXE vulnerability in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.7, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 4, 7.3 before update 12, 7.2 before fix pack 20, and older unsupported versions allows attackers with permission to deploy widgets/portlets/extensions to obtain sensitive information or consume system resources via the Java2WsddTask._format method.

In Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.12, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 9, 7.3 before update 4, 7.2 before fix pack 19, and older unsupported versions, the default configuration does not sanitize blog entries of JavaScript, which allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML (XSS) via a crafted payload injected into a blog entry’s content text field.

The default password hashing algorithm (PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1) in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.15, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 16, 7.3 before update 4, 7.2 before fix pack 17, and older unsupported versions defaults to a low work factor, which allows attackers to quickly crack password hashes.

The Account Settings page in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.76 through 7.4.3.99, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3 before patch 5, and 7.4 update 76 through 92 embeds the user’s hashed password in the page’s HTML source, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to steal a user's hashed password.

Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.1, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 18, and older unsupported versions returns with different responses depending on whether a site does not exist or if the user does not have permission to access the site, which allows remote attackers to discover the existence of sites by enumerating URLs. This vulnerability occurs if locale.prepend.friendly.url.style=2 and if …

Account lockout in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.3.0, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.2 before fix pack 5, and older unsupported versions does not invalidate existing user sessions, which allows remote authenticated users to remain authenticated after an account has been locked.

In Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.1, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 15, and older unsupported versions the doAsUserId URL parameter may get leaked when creating linked content using the WYSIWYG editor and while impersonating a user. This may allow remote authenticated users to impersonate a user after accessing the linked content.

The IFrame widget in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.26, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 27, 7.3 before update 6, 7.2 before fix pack 19, and older unsupported versions does not check the URL of the IFrame, which allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial-of-service (DoS) via a self referencing IFrame.

The Document and Media widget In Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.3.6, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before service pack 3, 7.2 before fix pack 13, and older unsupported versions, does not limit resource consumption when generating a preview image, which allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via crafted PNG images.

Stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Portal Search module's Search Result app in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.11, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 8, 7.3 before update 4, 7.2 before fix pack 17, and older unsupported versions allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML into the Search Result app's search result if highlighting is disabled by adding any searchable content …

Reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability on a content page’s edit page in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.94 through 7.4.3.95 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the p_l_back_url_title parameter.

The Dynamic Data Mapping module in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.67, and Liferay DXP 7.4 update 67 does not limit Document and Media files which can be downloaded from a Form, which allows remote attackers to download any file from Document and Media via a crafted URL.

The Object module in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.4 through 7.4.3.48, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 49 does properly isolate objects in difference virtual instances, which allows remote authenticated users in one virtual instance to view objects in a different virtual instance via OAuth 2 scope administration page.

The Object module in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.4 through 7.4.3.60, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 61 does not segment object definition by virtual instance in search which allows remote authenticated users in one virtual instance to view object definition from a second virtual instance by searching for the object definition.

In Liferay Portal 7.3.0 and earlier, and Liferay DXP 7.2 and earlier the default configuration does not require users to verify their email address, which allows remote attackers to create accounts using fake email addresses or email addresses which they don't control. The portal property company.security.strangers.verify should be set to true.

Pattern Redirects in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.48 through 7.4.3.76, and Liferay DXP 7.4 update 48 through 76 allows regular expressions that is vulnerable to ReDoS attacks to be used as patterns, which allows remote attackers to consume an excessive amount of server resources via crafted request URLs.

SQL injection vulnerability in the upgrade process for SQL Server in Liferay Portal 7.3.1 through 7.4.3.17, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before update 6, and 7.4 before update 18 allows attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the name of a database table's primary key index. This vulnerability is only exploitable when chained with other attacks. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must modify the database and wait for the application …

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the App Builder module's custom object details page in Liferay Portal 7.3.0 through 7.4.0, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before update 14 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into an App Builder custom object's Name field.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Account module in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.21 through 7.4.3.62, and Liferay DXP 7.4 update 21 through 62 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into a user's (1) First Name, (2) Middle Name, (3) Last Name, or (4) Job Title text field.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Layout module in Liferay Portal 7.3.4 through 7.4.3.68, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before update 24, and 7.4 before update 69 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into a container type layout fragment's URL text field.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IFrame type Remote Apps in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.30, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 31 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the Remote App's IFrame URL.

Stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Form widget configuration in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.3.0, and Liferay DXP 7.1 before fix pack 18, and 7.2 before fix pack 5 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into a form's name field.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Web Content Display widget's article selector in Liferay Liferay Portal 7.4.3.50, and Liferay DXP 7.4 update 50 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into a web content article's Title field.

Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the Plugin for OAuth 2.0 module's OAuth2ProviderApplicationRedirect class in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.41 through 7.4.3.52, and Liferay DXP 7.4 update 41 through 52 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) code, or (2) error parameter.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Modified Facet widget in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.3.12, and Liferay DXP 7.1 before fix pack 27, 7.2 before fix pack 18, 7.3 before update 4, and 7.4 before update 9 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted payload injected into a facet label.

The Asset Libraries module in Liferay Portal 7.3.5 through 7.4.3.28, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before update 8, and DXP 7.4 before update 29 does not properly check permissions of asset libraries, which allows remote authenticated users to view asset libraries via the UI.

ReDoS vulnerability in LayoutPageTemplateEntryUpgradeProcess in Liferay Portal 7.3.2 through 7.4.3.4 and Liferay DXP 7.2 fix pack 9 through fix pack 18, 7.3 before update 4, and DXP 7.4 GA allows remote attackers to consume an excessive amount of server resources via a crafted payload injected into the 'name' field of a layout prototype.

The Dynamic Data Mapping module in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.3.4, and Liferay DXP 7.1 before fix pack 27, 7.2 before fix pack 19, 7.3 before update 4, and 7.4 GA does not properly check permission of form entries, which allows remote authenticated users to view and access all form entries.

The Friendly Url module in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.5 through 7.4.3.36, and Liferay DXP 7.4 update 1 though 36 does not properly check user permissions, which allows remote attackers to obtain the history of all friendly URLs that was assigned to a page.

The Hypermedia REST APIs module in Liferay Portal 7.4.1 through 7.4.3.4, and Liferay DXP 7.4 GA does not properly check permissions, which allows remote attackers to obtain a WikiNode object via the WikiNodeResource.getSiteWikiNodeByExternalReferenceCode API.

A Zip slip vulnerability in the Elasticsearch Connector in Liferay Portal 7.3.3 through 7.4.3.18, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before update 6, and 7.4 before update 19 allows attackers to create or overwrite existing files on the filesystem via the installation of a malicious Elasticsearch Sidecar plugin.

Zip slip vulnerability in FileUtil.unzip in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.5 through 7.4.3.35 and Liferay DXP 7.4 update 1 through update 34 allows attackers to create or overwrite existing files on the filesystem via the deployment of a malicious plugin/module.

Certain Liferay products are affected by: Missing SSL Certificate Validation in the Dynamic Data Mapping module's REST data providers. This affects Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.2 and Liferay DXP 7.1 before fix pack 27, 7.2 before fix pack 17, and 7.3 before service pack 3.

An Insecure direct object reference (IDOR) vulnerability in the Dynamic Data Mapping module in Liferay Portal 7.3.2 through 7.4.3.4, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before update 4, and 7.4 GA allows remote authenticated users to view and access form entries via the formInstanceRecordId parameter.

The Layout module in Liferay Portal v7.3.3 through v7.4.3.34, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before update 10, and 7.4 before update 35 does not check user permission before showing the preview of a "Content Page" type page, allowing attackers to view unpublished "Content Page" pages via URL manipulation.

In LifeRay Portal CE 7.1.0 through 7.2.1, the First Name, Middle Name, and Last Name fields for user accounts in MyAccountPortlet are all vulnerable to a persistent XSS issue. Any user can modify these fields with a particular XSS payload, and it will be stored in the database. The payload will then be rendered when a user utilizes the search feature to search for other users (i.e., if a user …

Liferay CMS Portal version 7.1.3 and 7.2.1 have a blind persistent cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the user name parameter to Calendar. An attacker can insert the malicious payload on the username, lastname or surname fields of its own profile, and the malicious payload will be injected and reflected in the calendar of the user who submitted the payload. An attacker could escalate its privileges in case an admin visits …

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Asset module's categories administration page in Liferay Portal 7.3.4 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the site name.

Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in Liferay Portal 7.3.5 and Liferay DXP 7.3 before fix pack 1 allow remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the classPKField parameter to (1) CommerceChannelRelFinder.countByC_C, or (2) CommerceChannelRelFinder.findByC_C.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Redirect module's redirection administration page in Liferay Portal 7.3.2 through 7.3.5, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before fix pack 1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the _com_liferay_redirect_web_internal_portlet_RedirectPortlet_destinationURL parameter.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Site module's membership request administration pages in Liferay Portal 7.0.0 through 7.3.5, and Liferay DXP 7.0 before fix pack 97, 7.1 before fix pack 21, 7.2 before fix pack 10 and 7.3 before fix pack 1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the _com_liferay_site_my_sites_web_portlet_MySitesPortlet_comments parameter.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Asset module's category selector input field in Liferay Portal 7.3.5 and Liferay DXP 7.3 before fix pack 1, allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the _com_liferay_asset_categories_admin_web_portlet_AssetCategoriesAdminPortlet_title parameter.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Asset module's edit vocabulary page in Liferay Portal 7.0.0 through 7.3.4, and Liferay DXP 7.0 before fix pack 96, 7.1 before fix pack 20, and 7.2 before fix pack 9, allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) _com_liferay_journal_web_portlet_JournalPortlet_name or (2) _com_liferay_document_library_web_portlet_DLAdminPortlet_name parameter.

In Liferay Portal before 7.3.2 and Liferay DXP 7.0 before fix pack 92, 7.1 before fix pack 18, and 7.2 before fix pack 6, the template API does not restrict user access to sensitive objects, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via crafted FreeMarker and Velocity templates.

The Portal Workflow module in Liferay Portal 7.3.2 and earlier, and Liferay DXP 7.0 before fix pack 93, 7.1 before fix pack 19, and 7.2 before fix pack 7, user's clear text passwords are stored in the database if workflow is enabled for user creation, which allows attackers with access to the database to obtain a user's password.

Liferay Portal 7.x before 7.3.2, and Liferay DXP 7.0 before fix pack 92, 7.1 before fix pack 19, and 7.2 before fix pack 7, does not sanitize the information returned by the DDMDataProvider API, which allows remote authenticated users to obtain the password to REST Data Providers.

The Dynamic Data Mapping module in Liferay Portal 7.0.0 through 7.3.2, and Liferay DXP 7.0 before fix pack 94, 7.1 before fix pack 19, and 7.2 before fix pack 6, does not properly check user permissions, which allows remote attackers with the forms "Access in Site Administration" permission to view all forms and form entries in a site via the forms section in site administration.

The SimpleCaptcha implementation in Liferay Portal 7.3.4, 7.3.5 and Liferay DXP 7.3 before fix pack 1 does not invalidate CAPTCHA answers after it is used, which allows remote attackers to repeatedly perform actions protected by a CAPTCHA challenge by reusing the same CAPTCHA answer.

The Data Engine module in Liferay Portal 7.3.0 through 7.3.5, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before fix pack 1 does not check permissions in DataDefinitionResourceImpl.getSiteDataDefinitionByContentTypeByDataDefinitionKey, which allows remote authenticated users to view DDMStructures via GET API calls.

In Liferay Portal before 7.1 CE GA4, an XSS vulnerability exists in the SimpleCaptcha API when custom code passes unsanitized input into the "url" parameter of the JSP taglib call <liferay-ui:captcha url="<%= url %>" /> or <liferay-captcha:captcha url="<%= url %>" />. Liferay Portal out-of-the-box behavior with no customizations is not vulnerable.

Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.3.2, and Liferay DXP 7.2 before fix pack 9, allows access to Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) protected resources if the user is only authenticated using the portal session authentication, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information including the targeted user’s email address and current CSRF token.

The redirect module in Liferay Portal before 7.3.3 does not limit the number of URLs resulting in a 404 error that is recorded, which allows remote attackers to perform a denial of service attack by making repeated requests for pages that do not exist.